Patented black pepper extract standardized to 95% piperine — the alkaloid responsible for black pepper's bioavailability-enhancing effects. Inhibits P-glycoprotein efflux pumps in the intestinal epithelium, which would otherwise actively remove absorbed nutrients back into the gut lumen. Also inhibits CYP3A4-mediated first-pass metabolism in the intestinal wall. Specifically enhances bioavailability of B vitamins and methylation cofactors taken alongside this formula, extending their effective absorption window.